अल्पविराम किसे कहते हैं - अल्पविराम एक आमतौर पर इस्तेमाल किए जाने वाला विराम चिन्ह है जिसका इस्तेमाल वाक्य में दो शब्दों, वाक्यांशों या खंडों को अलग करने के लिए किया जाता है। इसका इस्तेमाल किसी सूची में अलग-अलग आइटम या लेखों का उल्लेख करने के लिए भी किया जाता है।
अल्पविराम का अर्थ होता है - थोड़ा ठहराव, थोड़ी देर के लिए रुकना, ज्यादा वास्तुओं या लोगों को अलग करने के लिए अल्पविराम का प्रयोग किया जाता है। साधारण शब्दों कहे, तो अल्पविराम का अर्थ ही होता है थोड़ा विश्राम। इसका प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में होता हैः-
1) यदि वाक्य के बीच में - पर, परंतु, किंतु, तो, भी, मगर, इसलिए, अतः, क्योंकि, जिससे, वरन्, बल्कि, तथापि आदि अव्यय हो तो उनके पहले अल्पविराम लगता है जैसे -
बोलो, मगर धीरे से।
वह आया, लेकिन चला गया।
सिर्फ पढ़ो ही नहीं, वरन् काम भी करो।
2) यदि एक ही प्रकार के शब्द या वाक्यांश आएँ तो, अल्पविराम लगता है जैसे - शब्दों में राम, श्याम, मोहन और सोहन दोस्त हैं ।
वाक्यांशों में - वह यहाँ आता है, पढ़ता है और चला जाता है।
3) यदि वाक्य में - यह, उसे, तब, अब, या, तो, आदि लुप्त हो तो वहां अल्पविराम लगता हैजैसे-
मैं जो कहता हूँ, ध्यान से सुनो । (‘उसे’ लुप्त है)
कब हुआ गया, कह नहीं सकता। (‘यह’ लुप्त है)
जब जाना ही है, चले जाओ । (‘तो’ लुप्त है )
4) यदि वाक्य का आरंभ - हाँ, नहीं, बस, अच्छा, सचमुच, वास्तुतः, छिः आदि से हो तो वहाँ अल्पविराम लगता है जैसे-
हाँ, मैं जानता हूँ। नहीं, यह तो गलत है।
सचमुच, वह इतना बुद्धिमान है? छिः, यह क्या कर दिया?
5) संबोधन के बाद भी अल्पविराम चिन्ह का प्रयोग किया जाता है जैसे -
अरे मित्र, तुम कहाँ गए थे?
देशवासियो, मेरे हाथ मजबूत करें?
नोट- संबोधनकारक में संज्ञा के बहुवचन रूप रहने पर भी अनुस्वार(ं) का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है जैसे-
प्यारी बहनों, देवियों और सज्जनों हे बालकों – (अशुद्ध है।)
प्यारी बहनो, देवियो और सज्जनो, है बालको – (शुद्ध है ।)
6) यदि शब्द को दो-तीन बार दोहराना हो, तो वहाँ अल्पविराम लगता है जैसे-
नहीं, नहीं, मैं तुम्हारी बात नहीं मान सकता।
चलो, चलो, यहां कुछ नहीं मिलेगा ।
वह दूर से, बहुत दूर से आया था ।
7) तिथि में भी अल्पविराम का प्रयोग किया जाता है जैसे-
अगस्त 15,1947 को हमारा देश आजाद हुआ
(लेकिन 15 अगस्त 1947 में हमारा देश आजाद हुआ )
8) पत्र में संबोधन के बाद भी अल्पविराम का प्रयोग किया जाता है जैसे -
प्रिया रानी, खुश रहो ।
9) किसी की उक्ति के पहले ,कि, के स्थान पर अल्पविराम लगाया जाता है जैसे-
सोहन ने कहा कि मैं दिल्ली जाऊंगा ।
सोहन ने कहा, मैं दिल्ली जऊँगा।
10) नाम, ओहदा, और पता में प्रत्येक पद के बाद भी अल्पविराम का प्रयोग किया जाता है जैसे -
प्रो. एस. के.सिंह, प्राध्यापक, हिंदी विभाग, पटना विश्वविद्यालय, पटना, मेरे प्रिय मित्र हैं।
वह आन्द नगर, ठाणे, मुंबई का रहने वाला है।
What is a Comma?
A comma is a commonly used punctuation mark that is used to separate words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. It is also used to list different objects or elements in a sentence.
Meaning of a Comma
A comma means a slight pause, a brief stop. It is also used to separate multiple objects or individuals. In simple words, a comma signifies a small break or rest in a sentence.
Situations Where a Comma is Used:
1. When certain conjunctions appear in the middle of a sentence
If a sentence contains conjunctions such as but, however, yet, therefore, thus, because, rather, instead, even so, despite, etc., a comma is placed before them. Examples:
Speak, but speak softly.
He came, but he left immediately.
Don't just read, rather, take action as well.
2. When similar words or phrases appear in a sequence
A comma is used when multiple similar words or phrases appear in a row. Examples:
In words: Ram, Shyam, Mohan, and Sohan are friends.
In phrases: He comes here, studies, and then leaves.
3. When words like "this, it, then, now, or" etc., are omitted
If words such as this, it, then, now, or are missing in a sentence, a comma is used in their place. Examples:
Listen carefully to what I say. (The word "it" is omitted)
When did it happen, I cannot say. (The word "this" is omitted)
If you have to go, just leave. (The word "then" is omitted)
4. When a sentence begins with expressions like "yes, no, well, actually, indeed, oh" etc.
A comma is placed after such introductory words.Examples:
Yes, I know.
No, this is incorrect.
Indeed, he is very intelligent.
Oh, what have you done?
5. After an Address or a Call (Vocative Case)
A comma is used after addressing someone.Examples:
Hey friend, where have you been?
Citizens, strengthen my hands.
Note: When addressing multiple people, the plural form of the noun does not take a nasal sound (ं).
Incorrect: Dear sisters, ladies, and gentlemen, dear children.
Correct: Dear sisters, ladies and gentlemen, dear children.
6. When words are repeated multiple times
A comma is placed when words are repeated for emphasis. Examples:
No, no, I cannot agree with you.
Come, come, there is nothing here.
He came from far away, from a very far place.
7. In Dates
A comma is used when writing dates. Examples:
On August 15, 1947, our country became independent.
(However, "On 15 August 1947, our country became independent" is also correct.)
8. After Greetings in a Letter
A comma is used after addressing someone in a letter.Examples:
Dear Rani, stay happy.
9. Before a Quotation Instead of "that"
A comma is used before a direct quote instead of using "that." Examples:
Sohan said that I will go to Delhi.
Sohan said, "I will go to Delhi."
10. In Names, Titles, and Addresses
A comma is used after every element in names, titles, and addresses.Examples:
Prof. S. K. Singh, Professor, Hindi Department, Patna University, Patna, is my dear friend.
He lives in Anand Nagar, Thane, Mumbai.
END
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