16. परिशिष्टम् ३ धातुरूपाणि - Parishishtam 3: Dhaturupani - Class 8 - Deepakam
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1. Chapter Overview
This appendix serves as a comprehensive reference for Verb Conjugations (Dhaturupani). It covers the five major Lakaras (Tenses/Moods) used in the 8th-grade curriculum for both Parasmaipadam (Active Voice) and Atmanepadam (Middle Voice) roots.
The 5 Lakaras Covered:
Lat Lakara (लट्लकारः): Present Tense (e.g., Goes).
Lrit Lakara (लृट्लकारः): Future Tense (e.g., Will go).
Lang Lakara (लङ्-लकारः): Past Tense (e.g., Went).
Lot Lakara (लोट्लकारः): Imperative Mood (e.g., Go! / Let him go).
Vidhilin Lakara (विधिलिङ्-लकारः): Potential Mood (e.g., Should go).
2. Parasmaipadi Dhatus (Active Voice Roots)
This section provides forms for roots like Bhu (To be), Gam (To go), Pa (To drink), Ni (To lead), Stha (To stay), Drish (To see), and Ish (To wish).
A. Key Observations & Irregularities
Root Changes (Vikaran): Many roots change their base form in the Present, Past, Imperative, and Potential forms, but revert to their original form in the Future tense.
Gam (गम्) $\rightarrow$ becomes Gacch (गच्छ) in Lat, Lang, Lot, Vidhilin.
Example: गच्छति (Goes) vs गमिष्यति (Will go).
Pa (पा) $\rightarrow$ becomes Pib (पिब्).
Example: पिबति (Drinks) vs पास्यति (Will drink).
Stha (स्था) $\rightarrow$ becomes Tishth (तिष्ठ्).
Example: तिष्ठति (Stays) vs स्थास्यति (Will stay).
Drish (दृश्) $\rightarrow$ becomes Pashy (पश्य).
Example: पश्यति (Sees) vs द्रक्ष्यति (Will see - Note the change to 'Draksh') .
B. Sample Conjugations (Prathama Purusha - Singular)
Dhatu (Meaning) | Lat (Present) | Lrit (Future) | Lang (Past) | Lot (Order) | Vidhilin (Should) |
भू (To be) | भवति | भविष्यति | अभवत् | भवतु | भवेत् |
गम् (To go) | गच्छति | गमिष्यति | अगच्छत् | गच्छतु | गच्छेत् |
पा (To drink) | पिबति | पास्यति | अपिबत् | पिबतु | पिबेत् |
नी (To lead) | नयति | नेष्यति | अनयत् | नयतु | नयेत् |
स्था (To stay) | तिष्ठति | स्थास्यति | अतिष्ठत् | तिष्ठतु | तिष्ठेत् |
दृश् (To see) | पश्यति | द्रक्ष्यति | अपश्यत् | पश्यतु | पश्येत् |
इष् (To wish) | इच्छति | एषिष्यति | ऐच्छत् | इच्छतु | इच्छेत् |
3. Atmanepadi Dhatus (Middle Voice Roots)
This section covers roots that take Atmanepada endings (Te, Ite, Ante...), specifically Sev (To serve) and Labh (To obtain).
A. General Pattern
Lat (Present): सेवते (Sevate), लभते (Labhate).
Lrit (Future): सेविष्यते (Sevishyate), लप्स्यते (Lapsyate - Note: bh changes to p).
Lang (Past): असेवत (Asevata), अलभत (Alabhata).
Lot (Order): सेवताम् (Sevatam), लभताम् (Labhatam).
Vidhilin (Should): सेवेत (Seveta), लभेत (Labheta).
B. Detailed Table: Sev (सेव्) - To Serve
Lakara | Prathama Purusha (Singular) | Madhyama Purusha (Singular) | Uttama Purusha (Singular) |
Lat | सेवते (He serves) | सेवसे (You serve) | सेवे (I serve) |
Lrit | सेविष्यते (He will serve) | सेविष्यसे | सेविष्ये |
Lang | असेवत (He served) | असेवथाः | असेवे |
Lot | सेवताम् (Let him serve) | सेवस्व | सेवै |
Vidhilin | सेवेत (He should serve) | सेवेथाः | सेवेय |
C. Detailed Table: Labh (लभ्) - To Obtain
Lakara | Prathama Purusha (Singular) | Madhyama Purusha (Singular) | Uttama Purusha (Singular) |
Lat | लभते | लभसे | लभे |
Lrit | लप्स्यते | लप्स्यसे | लप्स्ये |
Lang | अलभत | अलभथाः | अलभे |
Lot | लभताम् | लभस्व | लभै |
Vidhilin | लभेत | लभेथाः | लभेय |
4. Competency-Based Assessment
A. Identification (Dhatu-Lakara Parichayam)
Identify the Root, Tense, and Person for the following words:
Word | Root (Dhatu) | Tense (Lakara) | Person (Purusha) |
द्रक्ष्यति | दृश् | लृट् (Future) | प्रथम |
अपिबाम | पा | लङ् (Past) | उत्तम |
तिष्ठेत् | स्था | विधिलिङ् (Potential) | प्रथम |
लप्स्यसे | लभ् | लृट् (Future) | मध्यम |
गच्छतु | गम् | लोट् (Order) | प्रथम |
B. Fill in the Blanks (Riktasthana Purti)
सह ____ (पा - लृट् लकारः) - Ans: पास्यति
वयं ____ (भू - लङ् लकारः) - Ans: अभवाम
त्वं सत्यं ____ (वद् - लोट् लकारः) - Ans: वद
बालकाः चित्रं ____ (दृश् - लट् लकारः) - Ans: पश्यन्ति
C. Sentence Construction (Vakya Rachana)
Change to Future: सः विद्यालयं गच्छति। $\rightarrow$ सः विद्यालयं गमिष्यति।
Change to Past: अहं जलं पिबामि। $\rightarrow$ अहं जलं अपिबम्।
Change to Order: त्वं पुस्तकं पठसि। $\rightarrow$ त्वं पुस्तकं पठ।
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