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    13. वर्णोच्चारण-शिक्षा १ - Varnoccharana-Shiksha 1 - Class 8 - Deepakam

    • 2 days ago
    • 5 min read

    Updated: 1 day ago

    1. Chapter Summary (Paath Saar)


    English Summary:

    This chapter is a technical lesson on Phonetics (Shiksha), specifically focusing on the Articulation (Karanam) of Sanskrit sounds. In previous classes, students learned about the "Place of Articulation" (Uccarana Sthanam) like Throat, Palate, etc. This chapter introduces the "Articulator" or the active organ (Karanam) that moves to touch the place of articulation to produce sound.

    The chapter explains the physiological process of speech: the impulse starts from the navel (Nabhi), moves to the chest (Urah), then the throat (Kantha), and finally manifests in the mouth (Asyam).

    It defines the key difference between Sthanam (Place) and Karanam (Articulator):

    • Sthanam is static/immobile (Asthalam) – e.g., the palate or teeth.

    • Karanam is dynamic/moving (Chanchalam) – e.g., the tongue or lower lip.

    The lesson details which part of the tongue is used for different groups of letters:

    1. Talavya (Palatals): Middle of the tongue.

    2. Murdhanya (Retroflex): Tip of the tongue (curled back).

    3. Dantya (Dentals): Tip of the tongue (touching teeth).

    4. Others (Gutturals, Labials, Nasals): Their specific place itself acts as the articulator (Svasthana).


    Moral (Sandesh):

    Correct pronunciation requires understanding not just where a sound comes from, but how it is produced using the tongue and other organs. Pure speech leads to clear communication.


    2. Text Translation & Explanation (Anuvad)

    Sanskrit Text (Selected)

    English Translation

    शब्दानां सम्यक् शुद्धं च उच्चारणं नितान्तं महत्त्वपूर्णम् अस्ति।

    Proper and pure pronunciation of words is extremely important.

    कस्यचित् शब्दस्य सम्यग्-उच्चारणार्थं, तस्य शब्दस्य प्रत्येक-वर्णस्य शुद्धं निर्दुष्टम् उच्चारणं भवेत्।

    For the proper pronunciation of any word, the pronunciation of every letter in that word must be pure and flawless.

    वर्णानाम् उच्चारणे केवलम् आस्यस्य एव उपयोगः भवति इति न।

    It is not that only the mouth is used in the pronunciation of letters.

    आस्येन सह शरीरस्य इतरेषाम् अपि अङ्गानाम् उपयोगः भवति।

    Along with the mouth, other parts of the body are also used.

    यथा - १. नाभि-प्रदेशः (Abdominal Muscles)

    Such as - 1. Navel Region.

    २. उरः (Chest/Lungs)

    2. Chest.

    ३. कण्ठ-बिलः (Voice-box)

    3. Voice Box / Throat.

    ४. आस्यम् (Mouth/Nose)

    4. Mouth (and Resonance system).

    स्थान-करण-प्रयत्नेभ्यः वर्णः निम्पद्यते।

    A letter/sound is produced through Place (Sthana), Articulator (Karana), and Effort (Prayatna).

    स्थानं नाम - वर्णस्य उद्भव-प्रदेशः।

    'Sthanam' means the place of origin of the letter.

    करणं नाम - वर्णस्य उच्चारणे आस्यस्य यः अवयवः सक्रियः भवति।

    'Karanam' means the organ of the mouth that becomes active during the pronunciation of the letter.

    स्थानम् अचलम् अस्ति, करणं च चञ्चलम् अस्ति।

    The Place is immovable, and the Articulator is movable.

    यथा - 'त'कारस्य उच्चारणे 'दन्ताः' स्थानम्, 'जिह्वा' च करणम्।

    For example - in pronouncing 'Ta', the 'Teeth' are the Place, and the 'Tongue' is the Articulator.

    3. Technical Rules (Karanam Rules)

    The Golden Rule of Articulation:

    स्थानम् अस्थितं प्रोक्तं, करणं चञ्चलं स्मृतम्।

    (The Place is said to be static; the Articulator is known to be moving.)

    Specific Karanas (Articulators) for Varnas:

    Class of Letters (Varnas)

    Sthanam (Place - Passive)

    Karanam (Articulator - Active)

    Talavya (Palatals)


    (इ, ई, च-वर्ग, य, श)

    Taluh (Palate)

    Jihva-Madhyam


    (Middle of the Tongue)

    Murdhanya (Retroflex)


    (ऋ, ॠ, ट-वर्ग, र, ष)

    Murdha (Roof of mouth)

    Jihva-Upagram


    (Area near the tip of Tongue)

    Dantya (Dentals)


    (लृ, त-वर्ग, ल, स)

    Dantah (Teeth)

    Jihva-Agram


    (Tip of the Tongue)

    Sheshah (Others)


    (Kanthya, Oshthya, Nasikya)

    Svasthanam

    Svasthanam


    (Their own place acts as articulator)

    4. Word Meanings (Kathin Shabdarth)


    1. नितान्तम् (Nitantam) = Extremely / Very much (अतीव)

    2. निर्दुष्टम् (Nirdushtam) = Flawless / Without fault (दोषरहितम्)

    3. आस्यम् (Asyam) = Mouth (मुखम्)

    4. उरः (Urah) = Chest (वक्षस्थलम्)

    5. निष्पद्यते (Nishpadyate) = Is produced / Generated (उत्पद्यते)

    6. अचलम् (Achalam) = Immovable / Static (स्थिरम्)

    7. चञ्चलम् (Chanchalam) = Moving / Dynamic (गतिशीलम्)

    8. जिह्वाग्रम् (Jihvagram) = Tip of the tongue (जिह्वायाः अग्रभागः)

    9. तालव्याः (Talavyah) = Sounds produced from palate (e.g., Ch, J)

    10. मूर्धन्याः (Murdhanyah) = Sounds produced from roof of mouth (e.g., T, D)


    5. Competency-Based Assessment

    A. Question Construction (Prashna Nirman)

    Sentence

    Question

    Explanation

    जिह्वाग्रेण दन्त्यानां वर्णानाम् उच्चारणं भवति।

    केन दन्त्यानां वर्णानाम् उच्चारणं भवति?

    Used 'Kena' (By what) for Instrumental case.

    स्थानम् अचलम् अस्ति।

    किम् अचलम् अस्ति?

    Used 'Kim' for Neuter subject.

    तालव्यानां करणं जिह्वामध्यम् अस्ति।

    केषाम् करणं जिह्वामध्यम् अस्ति?

    Used 'Kesham' for Masculine/Neuter Genitive Plural.

    वर्णानाम् उच्चारणे आस्यस्य उपयोगः भवति।

    वर्णानाम् उच्चारणे कस्य उपयोगः भवति?

    Used 'Kasya' for Genitive Singular.

    नाभिप्रदेशात् ध्वनिः आरभते।

    कुतः / कस्मात् ध्वनिः आरभते?

    Used 'Kutah' (From where) or 'Kasmat'.

    B. Bhashik Karyam (Linguistic Work)


    1. Question: In "स्थानम् अचलम् अस्ति", what is the Visheshan (Adjective)?

      • Answer: अचलम् (Achalam)

      • Explanation: It describes the nature of 'Sthanam'.


    2. Question: In "करणं चञ्चलं स्मृतम्", what is the meaning of 'स्मृतम्'?

      • Answer: Known / Considered (मन्यते/कथ्यते).

      • Explanation: It indicates traditional knowledge.


    3. Question: Write the antonym for "चञ्चलम्" (Moving) from the text.

      • Answer: अचलम् / स्थिरम् (Static).

      • Explanation: The text contrasts Sthanam (Achalam) with Karanam (Chanchalam).


    4. Question: Identify the Karanam for the letter 'च' (Cha).

      • Answer: जिह्वामध्यम् (Middle of Tongue).

      • Explanation: 'Cha' is a Talavya varna.


    6. Subjective Q&A (Pathit Avabodhanam)

    A. Ekpaden Uttarat (One Word Answers)


    • Q: वर्णस्य उद्भवप्रदेशः कः उच्यते? (What is the place of origin of a letter called?)

      • Ans: स्थानम् (Place).


    • Q: वर्णस्य उच्चारणे कः सक्रियः भवति? (Who becomes active in the pronunciation of a letter?)

      • Ans: करणम् (Articulator).


    • Q: दन्त्यवर्णानां करणं किम्? (What is the articulator for dental letters?)

      • Ans: जिह्वाग्रम् (Tip of the tongue).


    • Q: 'ट'कारस्य उच्चारणस्थानं किम्? (What is the place of 'Ta'?)

      • Ans: मूर्धा (Murdha/Roof).


    B. Purnavakyen Uttarat (Full Sentence Answers)

    • Q: स्थान-करणयोः कः भेदः अस्ति? (What is the difference between Sthanam and Karanam?)

      • Ans: स्थानम् अचलम् (स्थिरम्) अस्ति, परन्तु करणं चञ्चलम् (सक्रियम्) अस्ति। (Place is static, but Articulator is dynamic).


    • Q: तालव्यवर्णानां करणं किम् अस्ति? (What is the articulator for Palatal letters?)

      • Ans: तालव्यवर्णानां (इ, च-वर्ग, य, श) करणं जिह्वामध्यम् अस्ति। (The articulator is the middle of the tongue).


    • Q: वर्णाः कथं निष्पद्यन्ते? (How are letters produced?)

      • Ans: वर्णाः स्थान-करण-प्रयत्नेभ्यः निष्पद्यन्ते। (Letters are produced through Place, Articulator, and Effort).


    7. Integrated Grammar (Vyakaran)

    A. Classification of Varnas (Review)

    • Kanthya (Throat): अ, क-वर्ग, ह, विसर्ग (Articulator: Svasthana/Root of tongue).

    • Talavya (Palate): इ, च-वर्ग, य, श (Articulator: Middle of Tongue).

    • Murdhanya (Retroflex): ऋ, ट-वर्ग, र, ष (Articulator: Near Tip of Tongue).

    • Dantya (Teeth): लृ, त-वर्ग, ल, स (Articulator: Tip of Tongue).

    • Oshthya (Lips): उ, प-वर्ग (Articulator: Lower Lip - Svasthana).


    B. Diagrammatic Understanding (Chitra-Bodhanam)

    The text implies visualizing the tongue positions:


    • Tip touching teeth: Dentals (त, थ, द).

    • Tip curled back touching roof: Retroflex (ट, ठ, ड).

    • Middle raising to roof: Palatals (च, छ, ज).

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