14.परिशिष्टम् १ व ्याकरणम - Parishishtam 1 Vyakaranam - Class 8 - Deepakam

1. Chapter Summary (Paath Saar)

English Summary:

This section is a supplementary grammar chapter (Parishishtam) that consolidates key grammatical rules used throughout the textbook. It focuses on two major topics:

1. Upsargah (Prefixes): It explains how prefixes are added to the beginning of roots (Dhatus) to create new words and modify their meanings. It lists the 22 standard Sanskrit prefixes and provides examples of how they can change a word's meaning entirely or enhance it.

2. Sandhi (Euphonic Combinations): It details specific rules of Consonant Sandhi (Vyanjan Sandhi), specifically:

   • Jashtva Sandhi: Changing the first letter of a group to the third letter.

   • Anusvara Sandhi: Changing 'm' to a dot.

   • Parasavarna Sandhi: Changing Anusvara to the nasal consonant of the following group.

     
     

Moral (Sandesh):

Understanding the building blocks of language (Prefixes and Sandhi) is essential for correct usage and interpretation of Sanskrit literature.

2. Topic 1: Upsargah (Prefixes)

Definition:

Prefixes (Upsargas) are added before a root (Dhatu) to form new verb forms or words. There are generally 22 Upasargas in Sanskrit.

The 22 Upasargas:

• प्र (Pra), परा (Para), अप (Apa), सम् (Sam)

• अनु (Anu), अव (Ava), निस् (Nis), निर् (Nir)

• दुस् (Dus), दुर् (Dur), वि (Vi), आङ् (Aa - often written as 'Aa')

• नि (Ni), अधि (Adhi), अपि (Api), अति (Ati)

• सु (Su), उत् (Ut), अभि (Abhi), प्रति (Prati)

• परि (Pari), उप (Upa)

  
  

Effects of Upasargas:

1. Change in Meaning:

   • गच्छति (Goes) → आगच्छति (Comes)

   • जयति (Wins) → पराजयते (Defeats/Loses depending on usage)

   • हरति (Takes away) → विहरति (Roams), प्रहरति (Strikes), आहारः (Food), संहारः (Destruction).

     
     

2. Enhancement of Meaning:

   • शोभते (Looks good) → सुशोभते (Looks very beautiful/shines forth).

     
     

Famous Shloka on Upasargas:

उपसर्गेण धात्वर्थो बलादन्यत्र नीयते।

प्रहाराहारसंहारविहारपरिहारवत्॥

(By a prefix, the meaning of the root is forcefully led elsewhere, just like the words Prahara (strike), Aahara (food), Samhara (destruction), Vihara (roam), and Parihara (remedy) are formed from the same root 'Hri'.) 

3. Topic 2: Sandhi (Euphonic Combinations)

A. Jashtva Sandhi (Vyanjan Sandhi)

Rule: When the first letter of a class (k, ch, t, t, p) is at the end of a word and is followed by a vowel or a soft consonant (3rd/4th/5th letter of a class, or y, r, l, v, h), the first letter changes to the third letter of its own class .

• क् (k) → ग् (g)

• च् (ch) → ज् (j)

• ट् (t) → ड् (d)

• त् (t) → द् (d)

• प् (p) → ब् (b)

  
  

Examples:

1. वाक् + अर्थौ = वागर्थौ (k → g)

   
   

2. दिक् + गजाः = दिग्गजाः (k → g)

   
   

3. जगत् + ईशः = जगदीशः (t → d)

   
   

4. जगत् + गुरुः = जगद्गुरुः (t → d)

   
   

5. सुप् + अन्तः = सुबन्तः (p → b)

   
   

B. Anusvara Sandhi

Rule: If a word ends in 'म्' (m) and is followed by any consonant, the 'm' changes into an Anusvara (dot on top).

Note: If followed by a vowel, it simply joins with the vowel (e.g., Kim + Api = Kimapi).

Examples:

1. गृहम् + गच्छ = गृहं गच्छ 

   
   

2. रामम् + वन्दे = रामं वन्दे 

   
   

3. धर्मम् + चर = धर्मं चर 

   
   

4. सर्वम् + कार्यम् = सर्वं कार्यम् 

   
   

C. Parasavarna Sandhi

Rule: If an Anusvara is followed by any "Vargiya Vyanjana" (letters from ka to pa groups), the Anusvara can optionally change into the fifth letter (nasal) of that following group .

Examples:

1. अं + कितः = अङ्कितः (Anusvara followed by 'k', so it becomes 'ng' - the 5th of k-group).

2. सम् + कल्पः = सङ्कल्पः (m -> ng before k).

3. कुण् + ठितः = कुण्ठितः (m/n -> n before th).

4. गम् + गा = गङ्गा.

   
   

4. Competency-Based Assessment (Application)

A. Upsarga Identification (Separation)

B. Sandhi Joining (Sandhi Kuru)

1. सत् + जनः = सज्जनः (t → j : Schutva/Jashtva logic).

2. उत् + गमः = उद्गमः (t → d : Jashtva).

3. अच् + अन्तः = अजन्तः (ch → j : Jashtva).

4. पाठम् + पठति = पाठं पठति (Anusvara).

   
   

C. Sandhi Splitting (Sandhi Vicched)

1. दिगम्बरः = दिक् + अम्बरः

2. सदाचारः = सत् + आचारः

3. अहमपि = अहम् + अपि (Vyanjan + Vowel connection, strictly not a change).

4. संयोगः = सम् + योगः (Anusvara).

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