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    4. सूक्तिमौक्तिकम् - Suktimauktikam- Class 9 - Shemushi 1

    • Jan 25
    • 6 min read

    Updated: Jan 29

    1. Chapter Summary (Paath Saar)


    English Summary:

    This chapter is a compilation of pearls of wisdom (Suktis) selected from various ancient Sanskrit ethical texts like Manusmriti, Viduraniti, Chanakyaniti, Hitopadesha, and others. The verses impart timeless moral values:

    1. Character over Wealth: One should protect one's character with great effort, as wealth comes and goes, but the loss of character is the total destruction of a person.

    2. The Golden Rule: The essence of Dharma is to not do to others what would be painful to oneself.

    3. Sweet Speech: Speaking sweetly pleases all beings, so one should not be miserly in using kind words.

    4. Altruism: Just as rivers do not drink their own water and trees do not eat their own fruit, the resources of good people are meant for helping others.

    5. True Friendship: The friendship of wicked people is like the morning shadow (starts big and shrinks), while the friendship of good people is like the afternoon shadow (starts small and grows).

    6. Virtues and Environment: Virtues remain virtues among the appreciative; in bad company, they turn into faults, just as sweet river water becomes undrinkable upon reaching the salty sea.


    Moral (Sandesh):

    Character is the supreme wealth. We should lead a life of empathy, kindness, and altruism while seeking the company of the virtuous.


    2. Shloka Translation (Anuvad)

    Sanskrit Text (Split Sandhis)

    English Translation

    Shloka 1 (Manusmriti)


    वृत्तं यत्नेन संरक्षेद् वित्तमेति च याति च।

    One should protect character (vrittam) with effort; wealth (vittam) comes and goes.

    अक्षीणे वित्ततः क्षीणो वृत्ततस्तु हतो हतः॥

    A person is not destroyed if wealth is lost, but if character is lost, he is completely destroyed.

    Shloka 2 (Viduraniti)


    श्रूयतां धर्मसर्वस्वं श्रुत्वा चैवावधार्यताम्।

    Listen to the essence of Dharma, and having heard it, keep it in mind.

    आत्मनः प्रतिकूलानि परेषां न समाचरेत्॥

    Do not practice towards others what is unfavorable (painful) to your own self.

    Shloka 3 (Chanakyaniti)


    प्रियवाक्यप्रदानेन सर्वे तुष्यन्ति जन्तवः।

    All living beings are pleased by the offering of sweet words.

    तस्मात् तदेव वक्तव्यं वचने का दरिद्रता॥

    Therefore, one should speak only that; what poverty (is there) in speaking sweet words?.

    Shloka 4 (Subhashitaratnabhandagaram)


    पिबन्ति नद्यः स्वयमेव नाम्भः

    Rivers do not drink their water themselves.

    स्वयं न खादन्ति फलानि वृक्षाः।

    Trees do not eat their fruits themselves.

    नादन्ति सस्यं खलु वारिवाहाः

    Indeed, clouds do not eat the crops (they help grow).

    परोपकाराय सतां विभूतयः॥

    The wealth/resources of noble people are meant for helping others.

    Shloka 5 (Mrichchhakatikam)


    गुणेष्वेव हि कर्तव्यः प्रयत्नः पुरुषैः सदा।

    Men should always make an effort only for (acquiring) virtues.

    गुणयुक्तो दरिद्रोऽपि नेश्वरैः अगुणैः समः॥

    A virtuous person, even if poor, is superior to a wealthy person who lacks virtues (literally: not equal to wealthy non-virtuous, implying he is better).

    Shloka 6 (Nitishatakam)


    आरम्भगुर्वी क्षयिणी क्रमेण

    Long at the beginning and gradually decreasing;

    लघ्वी पुरा वृद्धिमती च पश्चात्।

    Short at first and gradually increasing later;

    दिनस्य पूर्वार्ध-परार्ध-भिन्ना

    Different like the first half and second half of the day;

    छायेव मैत्री खलसज्जनानाम्॥

    Such is the friendship of the wicked and the good respectively.

    Shloka 7 (Bhaminivilasah)


    यत्रापि कुत्रापि गता भवेयुः हंसाः महीमण्डलण्डनाय।

    Wherever swans may go on the earth, they adorn the place.

    हानिस्तु तेषां हि सरोवराणां येषां मरालैः सह विप्रयोगः॥

    The loss is actually for those lakes which are separated from the swans.

    Shloka 8 (Hitopadeshah)


    गुणा गुणज्ञेषु गुणा भवन्ति

    Virtues remain virtues when they are among those who appreciate virtues.

    ते निर्गुणं प्राप्य भवन्ति दोषाः।

    Upon reaching a person without virtues, they become faults.

    आस्वाद्यतोयाः प्रवहन्ति नद्यः

    Rivers flow with tasty water.

    समुद्रमासाद्य भवन्त्यपेयाः॥

    Upon reaching the sea, they become undrinkable.

    3. Shloka Analysis

    Shloka 1

    वृत्तं यत्नेन संरक्षेद् वित्तमेति च याति च...

    • Anvaya: (नरः) वृत्तं यत्नेन संरक्षेत्, वित्तं तु एति याति च। वित्ततः क्षीणः अक्षीणः (भवति), वृत्ततः तु क्षीणः हतः (भवति)।

    • English Meaning: Character should be zealously guarded. Wealth is transient. A man is not ruined by the loss of wealth, but the loss of character spells his doom.


    Shloka 6

    आरम्भगुर्वी क्षयिणी क्रमेण...

    • Anvaya: (खलानां मैत्री) आरम्भगुर्वी क्रमेण क्षयिणी (भवति), (सज्जनानां मैत्री) पुरा लघ्वी पश्चात् च वृद्धिमती (भवति)। दिनस्य पूर्वार्ध-परार्ध-भिन्ना छाया इव खल-सज्जनानां मैत्री (भिन्ना भवति)।

    • English Meaning: The friendship of wicked people is like the shadow of the morning (long at first, then shrinks). The friendship of good people is like the shadow of the afternoon (short at first, then grows).


    Shloka 8

    गुणा गुणज्ञेषु गुणा भवन्ति...

    • Anvaya: गुणाः गुणज्ञेषु (एव) गुणाः भवन्ति, ते (गुणाः) निर्गुणं प्राप्य दोषाः भवन्ति। (यथा) नद्यः आस्वाद्यतोयाः प्रवहन्ति, (परं ताः एव) समुद्रम् आसाद्य अपेयाः भवन्ति।

    • English Meaning: Virtues shine as virtues only when appreciated by the wise. In the company of the unworthy, they turn into faults. Rivers contain sweet water, but once they join the salty ocean, their water becomes undrinkable.


    4. Word Meanings (Kathin Shabdarth)

    1. वृत्तम् (Vrittam) = Character / Conduct (आचरणम्)

    2. वित्तम् (Vittam) = Wealth (धनम्)

    3. अक्षीणः (Akshinah) = Not destroyed / Intact (न क्षीणः)

    4. धर्मसर्वस्वम् (Dharmasarvasvam) = Essence of Dharma (धर्मस्य तत्त्वम्)

    5. वारिवाहाः (Varivahah) = Clouds (मेघाः)

    6. सस्यम् (Sasyam) = Crops (फसल)

    7. खलः (Khalah) = Wicked person (दुर्जनः)

    8. मरालैः (Maralaihi) = With Swans (हंसैः)

    9. आसाद्य (Aasadya) = Having reached (प्राप्य)

    10. अपेयाः (Apeyah) = Not drinkable (पातुम् अयोग्याः)


    5. Competency-Based Assessment

    A. Question Construction (Prashna Nirman)

    Sentence

    Question

    Explanation

    वृत्तं यत्नेन संरक्षेत्।

    किम् यत्नेन संरक्षेत्?

    Used 'Kim' (What) for neuter singular object.

    धर्मसर्वस्वं श्रुत्वा अवधार्यताम्।

    किम् श्रुत्वा अवधार्यताम्?

    Used 'Kim' (What) for the object.

    नद्यः सुस्वादुतोयाः प्रवहन्ति।

    काः सुस्वादुतोयाः प्रवहन्ति?

    Used 'Kah' (Who/Which) for feminine plural subject.

    खलानां मैत्री आरम्भगुर्वी भवति।

    केषाम् मैत्री आरम्भगुर्वी भवति?

    Used 'Kesham' (Whose) for masculine genitive plural.

    प्रियवाक्यप्रदानेन सर्वे तुष्यन्ति।

    केन सर्वे तुष्यन्ति?

    Used 'Kena' (By what) for instrumental singular.

    B. Bhashik Karyam (Linguistic Work)

    1. Question: In "नद्यः आस्वाद्यतोयाः प्रवहन्ति", what is the Visheshan (Adjective)?

      • Answer: आस्वाद्यतोयाः (Tasty-watered).

      • Explanation: It describes the quality of the 'Nadyah' (Rivers).


    2. Question: In "हतो हतः", what is the meaning of 'हतः'?

      • Answer: विनाशितः / नष्टः (Destroyed).

      • Explanation: Contextual meaning regarding loss of character.


    3. Question: Write the antonym for "सज्जनानाम्" from the text.

      • Answer: खलानाम् (Of the wicked).

      • Explanation: Contrasted in Shloka 6.


    4. Question: Write a synonym for "जलम्" found in Shloka 4.

      • Answer: अम्भः (Ambha).

      • Explanation: 'Pibanti nadyah svayameva na ambhah'.


    6. Subjective Q&A (Pathit Avabodhanam)

    A. Ekpaden Uttarat (One Word Answers)

    • Q: यत्नेन किं रक्षेत् - वित्तं वृत्तं वा? (What should be protected with effort - wealth or character?)

      • Ans: वृत्तम् (Character).


    • Q: कस्य प्रतिकूलानि परेषां न समाचरेत्? (Unfavorable to whom should not be practiced on others?)

      • Ans: आत्मनः (One's own self).


    • Q: कुत्र दरिद्रता न भवेत्? (Where should there be no poverty/stinginess?)

      • Ans: वचने (In speech).


    • Q: वृक्षाः स्वयं कानि न खादन्ति? (What do trees not eat themselves?)

      • Ans: फलानि (Fruits).


    • Q: नद्यः समुद्रमासाद्य कीदृश्यः भवन्ति? (What do rivers become upon reaching the sea?)

      • Ans: अपेयाः (Undrinkable).


    B. Purnavakyen Uttarat (Full Sentence Answers)

    • Q: सज्जनानां मैत्री कीदृशी भवति? (How is the friendship of good people?)

      • Ans: सज्जनानां मैत्री दिनस्य परार्धछाया इव पुरा लघ्वी पश्चात् च वृद्धिमती भवति। (The friendship of good people is like the afternoon shadow, small at first and then growing).


    • Q: सरोवराणां हानिः कदा भवति? (When do lakes suffer a loss?)

      • Ans: यदा सरोवराणां मरालैः (हंसैः) सह विप्रयोगः भवति, तदा तेषां हानिः भवति। (Lakes suffer a loss when they are separated from the swans).


    • Q: नद्यः जलं कदा अपेयं भवति? (When does river water become undrinkable?)

      • Ans: यदा नद्यः समुद्रम् आसाद्य मिलन्ति, तदा तासाम् जलं अपेयं भवति। (When rivers reach and mix with the sea, their water becomes undrinkable).


    7. Integrated Grammar (Vyakaran)

    A. Sandhi (Joining/Splitting)

    1. नाम्भः = न + अम्भः (Dirgha Sandhi).

    2. चैव = च + एव (Vriddhi Sandhi).

    3. नादन्ति = न + अदन्ति (Dirgha Sandhi).

    4. यत्रापि = यत्र + अपि (Dirgha Sandhi).

    5. भवन्त्यपेयाः = भवन्ति + अपेयाः (Yan Sandhi).


    B. Pratyaya (Suffixes)

    1. श्रुत्वा = श्रु + क्त्वा (Having heard).

    2. आसाद्य = आ + सद् + ल्यप् (Having reached).

    3. वक्तव्यम् = वच् + तव्यत् (Should be spoken).

    4. दत्तः (implied form type) / हताः = हन् + क्त (Killed/Destroyed).


    C. Upsarg (Prefixes)

    1. प्रवहन्ति = प्र (Prefix) + वहन्ति (Verb).

    2. समाचरेत् = सम् + आ (Prefixes) + चरेत् (Verb).

    3. विहरति = वि (Prefix) + हरति (Verb).

    4. संरक्षेत् = सम् (Prefix) + रक्षेत् (Verb).


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