8. सूक्तयः - Suktayah - Class 10 - Shemushi 2

1. Chapter Summary (Paath Saar)

English Summary:

This chapter contains a collection of ethical verses (Suktis) taken from the famous Tamil classic "Tirukkural", written by the saint-poet Thiruvalluvar (approx. 1st Century AD). Known as the "Veda of the Tamil language," this text guides humanity on Dharma (Righteousness), Artha (Wealth), and Kama (Desire). The selected verses emphasize the importance of a father’s duty to educate his son, the necessity of truth and simplicity in speech, the foolishness of using harsh words, the true definition of a scholar, the importance of discretion (Viveka), the qualities of a good minister, and the supreme value of ethical conduct (Sadachara).

Moral (Sandesh):

We must cultivate virtues like truthfulness, sweet speech, patience, and ethical conduct. True wisdom lies in good character and the ability to discern the truth.

2. Shloka Translation & Analysis

Shloka 1

पिता यच्छति पुत्राय बाल्ये विद्याधनं महत्।

पिताऽस्य किं तपस्तेपे इत्युक्तिस्तत्कृतज्ञता॥

• Anvaya: पिता पुत्राय बाल्ये महत् विद्याधनं यच्छति। अस्य पिता किं तपः तेपे इति उक्तिः (एव) तत्कृतज्ञता।

• English Meaning: A father gives the great wealth of education to his son in childhood. When people say, "What great penance did his father perform (to get such a son)?" — this statement itself is the son's true gratitude towards him.

Shloka 2

अवक्रता यथा चित्ते तथा वाचि भवेद् यदि।

तदेवाहुः महात्मानः समत्वमिति तथ्यतः॥

• Anvaya: यथा चित्ते (तथा) यदि वाचि अवक्रता भवेत्, (तर्हि) महात्मानः तदेव तथ्यतः समत्वम् इति आहुः।

• English Meaning: If there is the same simplicity (straightforwardness/lack of crookedness) in one's speech as there is in one's mind, wise men call that state true "Equality" or "Harmony" in reality.

Shloka 3

त्यक्त्वा धर्मप्रदां वाचं परुषां योऽभ्युदीरयेत्।

परित्यज्य फलं पक्वं भुङ्क्तेऽपक्वं विमूढधीः॥

• Anvaya: यः धर्मप्रदां वाचं त्यक्त्वा परुषां (वाचम्) अभ्युदीरयेत्, (सः) विमूढधीः पक्वं फलं परित्यज्य अपक्वं (फलं) भुङ्क्ते।

• English Meaning: He who abandons righteous (sweet) speech and speaks harsh words is a fool (person of deluded intellect); he is like someone who abandons a ripe fruit to eat an unripe (raw/bitter) one.

Shloka 4

विद्वांस एव लोकेऽस्मिन् चक्षुष्मन्तः प्रकीर्तिताः।

अन्येषां वदने ये तु ते चक्षुर्नामनी मते॥

• Anvaya: अस्मिन् लोके विद्वांसः एव चक्षुष्मन्तः प्रकीर्तिताः। अन्येषां वदने ये (चक्षुषि स्तः) ते तु चक्षुर्नामनी मते।

• English Meaning: Only learned people (scholars) are proclaimed as truly "sighted" (having eyes) in this world. The eyes on the faces of others (the ignorant) are considered eyes only in name (as they lack the vision of knowledge).

Shloka 5

यत् प्रोक्तं येन केनापि तस्य तत्त्वार्थनिर्णयः।

कर्तुं शक्यो भवेद्येन स विवेक इतीरितः॥

• Anvaya: येन केनापि यत् प्रोक्तं, तस्य तत्त्वार्थनिर्णयः येन कर्तुं शक्यः भवेत्, सः विवेकः इति ईरितः।

• English Meaning: Whatever is said by anyone, the capacity/intellect by which the determination of its true meaning can be done is called "Discretion" or "Wisdom" (Viveka).

Shloka 6

वाक्पटुधैर्यवान् मन्त्री सभायामप्यकातरः।

स केनापि प्रकारेण परैर्न परिभूयते॥

• Anvaya: यः मन्त्री वाक्पटुः, धैर्यवान्, सभायाम् अपि अकातरः (अस्ति), सः परैः केनापि प्रकारेण न परिभूयते।

• English Meaning: A minister who is eloquent (skilful in speech), patient, and fearless in the assembly is not defeated or humiliated by enemies in any way.

Shloka 7

य इच्छत्यात्मनः श्रेयः प्रभूतानि सुखानि च।

न कुर्यादहितं कर्म स परेभ्यः कदापि च॥

• Anvaya: यः आत्मनः श्रेयः प्रभूतानि सुखानि च इच्छति, सः परेभ्यः कदापि च अहितं कर्म न कुर्यात्।

• English Meaning: He who desires his own welfare and abundant happiness should never do any harmful deed to others.

Shloka 8

आचारः प्रथमो धर्मः इत्येतद् विदुषां वचः।

तस्माद् रक्षेत् सदाचारं प्राणेभ्योऽपि विशेषतः॥

• Anvaya: आचारः प्रथमः धर्मः (अस्ति) इति एतत् विदुषां वचः। तस्मात् (नरः) प्राणेभ्यः अपि विशेषतः सदाचारं रक्षेत्।

• English Meaning: "Good conduct is the first religion/duty" — this is the word of the wise. Therefore, one should protect good conduct (character) even more than one's life.

4. Word Meanings (Kathin Shabdarth)

1. परुषां (Parusham) = Harsh / Hard (कठोराम्)

2. अभ्युदीरयेत् (Abhyudirayet) = Speaks (वदेत्)

3. विमूढधीः (Vimudhadhih) = Foolish person (मूर्खः)

4. वाक्पटुः (Vakpatuh) = Eloquent / Skilful in speech (वाचि चतुरः)

5. अकातरः (Akatarah) = Fearless (निर्भयः)

6. परिभूयते (Paribhuyate) = Defeated / Insulted (तिरस्क्रियते)

7. श्रेयः (Shreyah) = Welfare / Good (कल्याणम्)

8. तेपे (Tepe) = Performed penance (तपस्याम् अकरोत्)

9. अवक्रता (Avakrata) = Simplicity / Straightforwardness (सरलता)

10. चक्षुष्मन्तः (Chakshushmantah) = Wise / Having eyes of knowledge (नेत्रवन्तः/ज्ञानिनः)

5. Competency-Based Assessment

A. Question Construction (Prashna Nirman)

B. Bhashik Karyam (Linguistic Work)

1. Question: In the sentence "पिता पुत्राय बाल्ये विद्याधनं यच्छति", what is the Kriya Padam (Verb)?

   • Answer: यच्छति (Gives).

   • Explanation: It indicates the action of giving performed by the father.

     
     

2. Question: In the word "विमूढधीः", what is the Visheshan (Adjective)?

   • Answer: विमूढधीः itself acts as a qualifying term for a foolish person.

   • Explanation: It describes the intellect of the person.

     
     

3. Question: Write the antonym for "पक्वं" (Ripe) from the text.

   • Answer: अपक्वम् (Unripe/Raw).

   • Explanation: Mentioned in Shloka 3.

     
     

4. Question: Write the synonym for "नेत्रे" (Eyes) from Shloka 4.

   • Answer: लोचने / चक्षूंषि (Implied from 'Chakshushmantah').

6. Subjective Q&A (Pathit Avabodhanam)

A. Ekpaden Uttarat (One Word Answers)

• Q: पिता पुत्राय बाल्ये किं यच्छति? (What does a father give to his son in childhood?)

  • Ans: विद्याधनम् (Wealth of education).

    
    

• Q: विमूढधीः कीदृशीं वाचं परित्यजति? (What kind of speech does a fool abandon?)

  • Ans: धर्मप्रदाम् (Righteous/Sweet speech).

    
    

• Q: अस्मिन् लोके के एव चक्षुष्मन्तः प्रकीर्तिताः? (Who are proclaimed as having eyes in this world?)

  • Ans: विद्वांसः (The learned).

    
    

• Q: प्राणेभ्योऽपि कः रक्षणीयः? (What should be protected even more than life?)

  • Ans: सदाचारः (Good conduct).

    
    

• Q: आत्मनः श्रेयः इच्छन् नरः कीदृशं कर्म न कुर्यात्? (What kind of deed should a man desiring his own good not do?)

  • Ans: अहितम् (Harmful).

    
    

B. Purnavakyen Uttarat (Full Sentence Answers)

• Q: 'समत्वम्' इति किम् उच्यते? (What is called 'Equality'?)

  • Ans: यदा चित्ते वाचि च अवक्रता (एकरूपता) भवति, तदेव 'समत्वम्' इति उच्यते। (When there is simplicity/consistency in both mind and speech, that is called Equality).

    
    

• Q: वाक्पटुः धैर्यवान् मन्त्री कथं न परिभूयते? (How is an eloquent and patient minister not defeated?)

  • Ans: वाक्पटुः धैर्यवान् मन्त्री सभायाम् अपि अकातरः सन् केनापि प्रकारेण परैः न परिभूयते। (Being fearless in the assembly, he is not defeated by enemies in any way).

7. Integrated Grammar (Vyakaran)

A. Sandhi (Joining/Splitting)

1. पिताऽस्य = पिता + अस्य (Purvarupa/Visarga Sandhi context).

2. इत्युक्तिः = इति + उक्तिः (Yan Sandhi).

3. तदेवाहुः = तत् + एव + आहुः (Jashatva Sandhi).

4. लोकेऽस्मिन् = लोके + अस्मिन् (Purvarupa Sandhi).

5. नामन्यो = नामनी + एव (Yan Sandhi context in 'namani mate').

B. Samas (Compounds)

1. विद्याधनम् = विद्या एव धनम् (Karmadharaya / Rupak) - Wealth of knowledge.

2. विमूढधीः = विमूढा धीः यस्य सः (Bahuvrihi) - One with foolish intellect.

3. वाक्पटुः = वाचि पटुः (Saptami Tatpurusha) - Eloquent in speech.

4. धर्मप्रदाम् = धर्मं प्रददाति इति (Upapada Tatpurusha) - Giver of righteousness.

5. अकातरः = न कातरः (Nanj Tatpurusha) - Fearless.

6. अहितम् = न हितम् (Nanj Tatpurusha) - Harmful.

7. तत्त्वार्थनिर्णयः = तत्त्वार्थस्य निर्णयः (Shashti Tatpurusha) - Determination of the true meaning.

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