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    10. सन्निमित्ते वरं त्यागः - क-भागः - Sannimitte Varam Tyagah - Class 8 - Deepakam

    • Jan 31
    • 5 min read

    Updated: Feb 4


    1. Chapter Summary (Paath Saar)


    English Summary:

    This chapter is an excerpt from the famous story collection "Hitopadesha". It narrates the inspiring story of a Rajput named Viravara and his unparalleled loyalty to his master, King Shudraka of Shobhavati.

    Viravara comes to the King seeking employment and demands an exorbitant salary of 400 gold coins daily. When asked about his equipment, he says he has only "two arms and one sword." Intrigued, the King employs him to test his worth. Viravara spends his salary nobly: half to the gods, half of the remainder to the poor, and the rest for his frugal living. He guards the royal gate day and night.

    One dark night, the King hears a woman crying piteously. He sends Viravara to investigate and secretly follows him. The crying woman reveals herself as Rajalakshmi (The Royal Fortune). She weeps because the King is destined to die in three days. When Viravara asks for a remedy to save the King, she says that if Viravara sacrifices his most precious possession (implying his son) to Goddess Sarvamangala, the King will live for a hundred years. Without hesitation, Viravara prepares to make this supreme sacrifice.


    Moral (Sandesh):

    True loyalty involves sacrificing one's own interests, and even life, for the welfare of the master or a noble cause. "Sacrifice for a good cause is always superior."


    2. Sentence-by-Sentence Translation (Anuvad)

    Sanskrit Text (Split Sandhis)

    English Translation

    आसीत् शोभावती नाम काचन नगरी।

    There was a certain city named Shobhavati.

    तत्र शूद्रको नाम... महीपतिः प्रतिवसति स्म।

    There lived a King named Shudraka... (who was brave and virtuous).

    अथैकदा वीरवरनामा राजपुत्रः वृत्त्यर्थं... राजद्वारमुपागच्छत्।

    Once, a Rajput named Viravara came to the royal gate from some land seeking a livelihood.

    वीरवरः - (प्रतिहारं वीक्ष्य) भोः प्रतिहार!

    Viravara: (Seeing the doorkeeper) O Doorkeeper!

    वृत्त्यर्थमागतो राजपुत्रोऽस्मि, तस्मान्नय मां स्वामिनः समीपम्।

    I am a Rajput come for a job; therefore, take me to the Master.

    राजा - किं ते वर्तनम्?

    King: What is your salary (requirement)?

    वीरवरः - प्रतिदिनं सुवर्णशतचतुष्टयं देव!

    Viravara: Four hundred gold coins daily, O Lord!

    राजा - का ते सामग्री?

    King: What is your material/equipment?

    वीरवरः - इमौ बाहू, एष खड्गश्च।

    Viravara: These two arms and this sword.

    (राजा तं नियोजितवान्... स च राजपुत्रः...)

    (The King appointed him... And that Rajput...)

    स्ववेतनस्य अर्धं यच्छति देवेभ्यः।

    ...gives half of his salary to the Gods/Brahmins.

    स्थितस्य चार्द्धं दरिद्रेभ्यो ददाति...

    And gives half of the remaining to the poor...

    निक्षिपति च तदवशिष्टं भोज्यविलासव्ययार्थं...

    And spends the remaining (small part) on food and basic needs.

    अथैकदा... स राजा श्रुतवान् करुणरोदनध्वनिं कञ्चन।

    Then once... that King heard some pathetic crying sound.

    राजा - कोऽत्र द्वारि तिष्ठति? क्रन्दनमनुसर राजपुत्र!

    King: Who is at the gate? Follow (investigate) the crying, O Rajput!

    (ततो नरपतिः... तस्य अनुसरणक्रमेण बहिः निरगच्छत्...)

    (Then the King... followed him and went out...)

    वीरवरः - का त्वमम्ब! किमर्थं विलपसि?

    Viravara: Who are you, O Mother! Why do you weep?

    राजलक्ष्मीः - अहमेतस्य भूपालस्य शूद्रकस्य राजलक्ष्मीरस्मि।

    Rajalakshmi: I am the Royal Fortune (Rajalakshmi) of this King Shudraka.

    अद्य प्रभृति तृतीये दिवसे राजा पञ्चत्वं यास्यति...

    Starting today, on the third day, the King will attain death...

    तदाहमनाथा भविष्यामि।

    Then I will become an orphan/protector-less.

    वीरवरः - भगवति! अस्त्यत्र कश्चिदुपायो येन... स्वामी जीवति?

    Viravara: O Goddess! Is there any remedy here by which... the Master may live?

    राजलक्ष्मीः - यदि त्वया स्वस्य सर्वतः प्रियं वस्तु... उपहारः क्रियेत...

    Rajalakshmi: If you offer your most dear thing as a sacrifice...

    तदा पुनर्जीविष्यति राजा शूद्रको वर्षाणां शतम्।

    ...then King Shudraka will live again for a hundred years.

    3. Word Meanings (Kathin Shabdarth)


    1. महीपतिः (Mahipatih) = King (भूपालः / राजा)

    2. नानाशास्त्रवित् (Nanashastravit) = Knower of many scriptures (अनेकशास्त्रज्ञाता)

    3. वृत्त्यर्थम् (Vrittyartham) = For livelihood/job (जीविकायै)

    4. प्रतिहारम् (Pratiharam) = Doorkeeper (द्वारपालम्)

    5. सुवर्णशतचतुष्टयम् (Suvarnashatachatushtayam) = 400 Gold Coins (चत्वारि शतानि स्वर्णमुद्राः)

    6. धृतायुधः (Dhritayudhah) = Holding a weapon / Armed (शस्त्रधारी)

    7. अहर्निशम् (Aharnisham) = Day and Night (अहोरात्रम्)

    8. सूचिभेद्ये तिमिरे (Suchibhedye Timire) = In pitch darkness (lit. pierceable by a needle) (सघने अन्धकारे)

    9. पञ्चत्वं यास्यति (Panchatvam Yasyati) = Will die (मरिष्यति / मृत्युं प्राप्स्यति)

    10. दुःसाध्या (Duhsadhya) = Difficult to accomplish (कठिना)


    4. Competency-Based Assessment

    A. Question Construction (Prashna Nirman)

    Sentence

    Question

    Explanation

    वीरवरः राजद्वारम् उपागच्छत्।

    कः राजद्वारम् उपागच्छत्?

    Used 'Kah' because 'Viravarah' is Masculine Singular subject.

    सः देवेभ्यः धनं यच्छति।

    सः केभ्यः धनं यच्छति?

    Used 'Kebhyah' for Dative/Ablative Plural.

    राजा खड्गपाणिः सन् अनुसरति।

    राजा कीदृशः सन् अनुसरति?

    Used 'Kidrishah' (What kind/How) to describe the adjective.

    सा तृतीये दिवसे गमिष्यति।

    सा कस्मिन्/कदा गमिष्यति?

    Used 'Kasmin' (On which) or 'Kada' (When).

    मन्त्रिणां वचनात् राजा तं नियोजितवान्।

    केषाम् वचनात् राजा तं नियोजितवान्?

    Used 'Kesham' for Masculine Genitive Plural.

    B. Bhashik Karyam (Linguistic Work)


    1. Question: In "महापराक्रमी महीपतिः", what is the Visheshan (Adjective)?

      • Answer: महापराक्रमी (Mahaparakrami)

      • Explanation: It describes the noun 'Mahipatih' (King).


    2. Question: In "राजा स्वयमादिशति", what is the Kriya Padam (Verb)?

      • Answer: आदिशति (Adishati)

      • Explanation: It means 'orders/commands'.


    3. Question: Write the synonym for "अन्धकारः" from the text.

      • Answer: तिमिरः (Timirah) 

      • Explanation: Used in the phrase 'Suchibhedye timire'.


    4. Question: Write the antonym for "सनाथा" (One with a protector) from the text.

      • Answer: अनाथा (Anatha) 

      • Explanation: Rajalakshmi says she will become 'Anatha'.


    5. Subjective Q&A (Pathit Avabodhanam)

    A. Ekpaden Uttarat (One Word Answers)

    • Q: राज्ञः शूद्रकस्य नगर्याः नाम किम्? (What was the name of King Shudraka's city?)

      • Ans: शोभावती (Shobhavati).


    • Q: वीरवरः कति सुवर्णमुद्राः वेतनरूपेण याचते? (How many gold coins does Viravara ask as salary?)

      • Ans: शतचतुष्टयम् / ४०० (Four hundred).


    • Q: वीरवरस्य समीपे कति बाहू आस्ताम्? (How many arms did Viravara have as assets?)

      • Ans: द्वौ (Two).


    • Q: का रोदनं करोति स्म? (Who was crying?)

      • Ans: राजलक्ष्मीः / सुन्दरी (Rajalakshmi / A beautiful woman).


    B. Purnavakyen Uttarat (Full Sentence Answers)

    • Q: वीरवरः स्ववेतनं कथं व्यययति स्म? (How did Viravara spend his salary?)

      • Ans: वीरवरः स्ववेतनस्य अर्धं देवेभ्यः यच्छति, स्थितस्य अर्धं दरिद्रेभ्यः ददाति, अवशिष्टं च भोज्यविलासव्ययार्थं निक्षिपति। (Viravara gave half to gods, half of the rest to the poor, and spent the remainder on living expenses).


    • Q: राजलक्ष्मीः किमर्थं विलपति स्म? (Why was Rajalakshmi weeping?)

      • Ans: राजलक्ष्मीः विलपति स्म यतः अद्य प्रभृति तृतीये दिवसे राजा शूद्रकः पञ्चत्वं यास्यति (मरिष्यति)। (Rajalakshmi was weeping because starting today, on the third day, King Shudraka would die).


    • Q: राज्ञः रक्षणाय कः उपायः उक्तः? (What remedy was suggested to save the King?)

      • Ans: यदि वीरवरः स्वस्य सर्वतः प्रियं वस्तु (पुत्रं) भगवत्यै सर्वमङ्गलायै उपहारं कुर्यात्, तदा राजा जीविष्यति। (If Viravara offers his most dear thing as a sacrifice to Goddess Sarvamangala, the King will live).


    6. Integrated Grammar (Vyakaran)

    A. Sandhi (Joining/Splitting)

    1. तस्मान्नय = तस्मात् + नय (Vyanjan Sandhi - 't' becomes 'n').

    2. राजपुत्रोऽस्मि = राजपुत्रः + अस्मि (Visarga - Utvam + Purvarupa).

    3. तदहमपि = तत् + अहम् + अपि (Vyanjan Sandhi).

    4. अस्त्यत्र = अस्ति + अत्र (Yan Sandhi).

    5. चार्द्धम् = च + अर्द्धम् (Dirgha Sandhi).


    B. Sentence Reordering (Anvaya)

    The chapter highlights the free word order in Sanskrit.

    • Text: आसीत् शोभावती नाम काचन नगरी।

    • Normal Order: शोभावती नाम काचन नगरी आसीत्।

    • Text: क्रन्दनमनुसर राजपुत्र!

    • Normal Order: हे राजपुत्र! क्रन्दनम् अनुसर।


    C. Past Tense Forms (Bhutakala)

    The text uses various forms to denote the past tense:


    1. Lang Lakara (Imperfect): अगच्छत्, अवदत्, अनयत्.

    2. Sma (With Present Tense): वसति स्म (Lived), यच्छति स्म (Used to give).

    3. Ktavatu Pratyaya (Past Participle Active):

      • श्रुतवान् (Heard).

      • आगतवान् (Came).

      • दृष्टवान् (Saw).

    4. Kta Pratyaya (Past Participle Passive/Active):

      • निर्गतः (Went out).

      • आलोकिता (Was seen).

      • नियोजितः (Was appointed).


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