11. क्रियापदस्य सहचराः - Companions of the Verb - Class 8 - Amod

Bilingual Summary

English This lesson explains the concept of Karakas (Case Relations) in Sanskrit grammar. It describes how different words in a sentence relate to the main verb (Kriyapadam) to complete the meaning. The lesson defines the six main Karakas:

1. Karta (Subject): The doer of the action (e.g., Gaurav writes).

2. Karma (Object): What is done/acted upon (e.g., writes an essay).

3. Karanam (Instrument): The tool used (e.g., with a pen).

4. Sampradanam (Recipient): For whom it is done (e.g., gives to the teacher).

5. Apadanam (Separation): From where it separates (e.g., falls from the tree).

6. Adhikaranam (Location): Where the action takes place (e.g., falls in the courtyard). Note: Sambandha (Relation - Genitive Case) is technically not considered a Karaka in Sanskrit because it relates a noun to another noun, not directly to the verb.

Marathi (मराठी) हा पाठ संस्कृत व्याकरणातील कारक (Case Relations) या संकल्पनेची ओळख करून देतो. वाक्यातील इतर शब्दांचा मुख्य क्रियापदाशी (Kriyapadam) कसा संबंध असतो हे यात स्पष्ट केले आहे. पाठात सहा मुख्य कारके सांगितली आहेत: १. कर्ता (Subject): क्रिया करणारा (उदा. गौरव लिहितो). २. कर्म (Object): ज्याच्यावर क्रिया होते (उदा. निबंध लिहितो). ३. करणम् (Instrument): ज्या साधनाने क्रिया केली जाते (उदा. लेखणीने लिहितो). ४. संप्रदानम् (Recipient): ज्याला काही दिले जाते (उदा. शिक्षकाला देतो). ५. अपादानम् (Separation): ज्यापासून वियोग होतो (उदा. झाडावरून पडते). ६. अधिकरणम् (Location): जिथे क्रिया घडते (उदा. अंगणात पडते). टीप: संबंध (षष्ठी विभक्ती) हे संस्कृतमध्ये तांत्रिकदृष्ट्या 'कारक' मानले जात नाही कारण त्याचा संबंध क्रियापदाशी नसून दुसऱ्या नामाशी असतो.

Glossary (शब्दार्थ)

Karaka Table (कारक कोष्टक)

Exercises (भाषाभ्यासः)

1. Identify Karaka and Translate (कारकं लिखत अनुवादं कुरुत च)

1. आदित्यः (Adityah) - Karta (Subject)

   • Translation: Aditya sings a song. (आदित्य गाणे गातो.)

2. बालकाः (Balakah) - Karta (Subject) / उद्याने (Udyane) - Adhikaranam (Location)

   • Translation: Boys play in the garden. (मुले बागेत खेळतात.)

3. देवम् (Devam) - Karma (Object)

   • Translation: I bow to God. (मी देवाला नमस्कार करतो.)

4. छुरिकया (Churikaya) - Karanam (Instrument)

   • Translation: You cut the fruit with a knife. (तू सुरीने फळ कापतोस.)

5. अवकाशात् (Avakashat) - Apadanam (Separation)

   • Translation: A meteor falls from space/sky. (उल्का आकाशातून पडते.)

6. छात्रेभ्यः (Chatrebhyah) - Sampradanam (Recipient)

   • Translation: The headmaster gives prizes to the students. (मुख्याध्यापक विद्यार्थ्यांना बक्षिसे देतात.)

7. चित्रपटम् (Chitrapatam) - Karma (Object)

   • Translation: We watch a movie. (आम्ही चित्रपट पाहतो.)

8. प्रभाते (Prabhate) - Adhikaranam (Location/Time)

   • Translation: Grandfather reads the newspaper in the morning. (आजोबा सकाळी वर्तमानपत्र वाचतात.)

9. शिखरात् (Shikharat) - Apadanam (Separation) / यष्टिकाभ्याम् (Yashtikabhyam) - Karanam (Instrument)

   • Translation: The mountaineer descends from the peak with two sticks. (गिर्यारोहक शिखरावरून काठ्यांच्या सहाय्याने खाली उतरतो.)

     
     

2. Fill in correct Vibhakti (योग्यविभक्तिरूपं योजयत)

1. युवकः वित्तकोषात् धनम् आनयति । (Youth brings money from the bank.)

2. आपणिकः तुलया धान्यं तोलयति । (Shopkeeper weighs grain with a balance/scale.)

3. भ्राता भगिन्यै शाटिकां यच्छति । (Brother gives a saree to the sister.)

4. पितामहः देवं पूजयति । (Grandfather worships God.)

5. प्रदर्शिन्याम् चित्राणि सन्ति । (There are pictures in the exhibition.)

   
   

3. Choose correct option (योग्यं पर्यायं चिनुत)

1. छात्रः श्लोकं स्मरति । (Student remembers the shloka.)

2. रक्षकः क्रोधेन चोरं ताडयति । (Guard hits the thief with anger.)

3. शिक्षकः छात्रेभ्यः पुस्तकानि यच्छति । (Teacher gives books to students.)

4. वाटिकायां जलधारायन्त्रम् अस्ति । (There is a fountain in the garden.)

5. आकाशात् तारकाः पतन्ति । (Stars fall from the sky.)

6. मन्त्रिमहोदयः कार्यक्रमम् उद्घाटयति । (The minister inaugurates the program.)

   
   

4. Construct sentence (वाक्यं रचयत)

Using words from the diagram: रमेशः विद्यालये छात्रेभ्यः मधुरस्वरेण संस्कृतस्य कथां कथयति । (Ramesh tells a Sanskrit story to students in a sweet voice in the school.)

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